Rogulska long, Dokumenty po angielsku
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//-->Potential and trading opportunities for biomass in PolandM. Rogulska, A.Oniszk-Poplawska, M.PisarekEC Baltic Renewable Energy Centre (EC BREC/IBMER)Centre of Excellence and Competence in Renewable Energy in Poland RECEPOLRakowiecka 32,Warsaw, Polandwww.ecbrec.plAbstractPoland is the largest country in Central Europe with area of 312.680 km2and 38,7million population. Forests cover 28,1 % of Poland,i.e.8.8 million hectares. Areacovered by forests varies from voivodship (an administrative unit) to voivodship from11% to 48%. Rural areas are a vital element in the Polish economy. Agricultural landsoccupied about 60% of the Poland territory. About 38% of the population live in therural areas. Agriculture and forestry give only 4.8% of GDP but 27% of the employedin Poland work in agriculture (0.4% in forestry). Local renewable energy sources canplay a significant role in the development of rural areas in Poland. Biomass energy hasbeen recognised as a most promising and most important renewable energy source innear future for Polish conditions. The total technical potential for biomass resource hasbeen calculated at755 PJ.Largest resources relates to the agricultural residues, forestryresidues and forestry fuel wood. Energy crops will play more important role in mid andlong term perspective. Currently there has been several pilot and research SRC willowplantations. Total area is not exceeding 2000 ha. The development of biomasstechnologies is the fastest growing RE branch in Poland. In the paper actual situation ofthe country bioenergy is presented as well as trends of development in short and midterm perspective.Key words:biomass resources, biomass use, legal framework for renewable energy, PolandBackgroundRural areas are a vital element in the Polish economy. There are some regions where agriculture isstill the major sector of the economy. The share of agriculture in GDP (including hunting andforestry) was 4.8% in 2001 with a continuous downward trend (in 1988, it was 11.8% ascompared to 6.4% in 1994). Reduced share of agriculture in GDP results from declining pricesand volume of agricultural output accompanied by the rapidly growing prices and output volumein other sectors of the economy, especially industry. The average employment in agriculture(including hunting and forestry) reaches almost 4 million people,i.e.25.8% of the total labourforce. Agriculture is the main source of income for 4 390 thousand people,i.e.over 11% ofPoland's total population, including 27.4% of the rural population. Rural areas have a very highunemployment rate reaching even 50% in some places. Additionally, rural areas show a negativeeconomic balance - a large part of agricultural incomes often outflow to urban areas,e.g.withexpenses related to energy costs (Statistics, 2002).1The Polish agricultural sector covers many farms which are considerably vary in terms of theirorganisation structure, type of ownership, farm size and output volume. Unpredictable weatherconditions and fluctuating profitability of various production lines result in a lack of agriculturalproduction stability. The agricultural production in Poland is not regulated with a quota regimeand the producer bears the entire production risk, with only few crop deliveries based on supplycontracts (made between a producer and food processing plants), e.g. sugar beets, rape seed,flower and vegetable seeds.Mixed type of farming with crop growing accompanied with animal production prevails in mostfarms in Poland and the majority of them lack clearly defined specialisation. In the group ofbigger farms with the acreage of over 50 hectares, over 38% have plant production only, 17% -animal production and 45% of such farms are involved in mixed farming. Only in 16.2% of allfarms there are no livestock. Of the total number of farms, 64% have cattle and over 50% keeppigs. Total crops area in 2000 year was 12.4 million ha. In total structure basic cereals occupied8.8 million ha (71.0%), potatoes - 1.3 million hectares (10.1%) and industrial crops - 0.8 millionha (6.5%). Crop structure was slightly changing during the last decade. Except for cereals acreageof which increased from 59.9% in 1990 to 71.0% in 2000, area of other crop production wasdecreasing.In Poland animal production is rather traditional, in small scale requiring high labour inputs, inbigger scale - consuming a lot of energy. Yearly quantities of cattle and swine excrements inPoland, estimated on the basis of analysis of the actual state of animal production and Ministry ofAgriculture and Rural Development forecasts equal approximately 38 million m3of liquid manureand 51 million tons of dung per year. In connection with those data it is obvious that in the wholecountry activities tending towards proper animal wastes storage and management should becarried out. Rational management of agricultural wastes based on their proper removal fromlivestock buildings, storage and afterwards utilization have enormous meaning for naturalenvironment. Moreover, development of the complementary sanitation systems in agriculture,including anaerobic wastes treatment installations, is necessary for solving problems in ruralregions connected with three main types of organic pollution sources: human liquid and solidwastes, animal production wastes and wastes from small agro-food industry.Agriculture is this branch of the economy in which there are the most favourable conditions forpractical realisation of the principles of sustainable development by way of production ofwholesome food, by proper management of the environment and by implementation oftechnologies utilising renewable sources of energy. Conventional methods of cultivation are moreand more often regarded as unfavourable to sustainable development. The progress of technologyand intensification permit greater production but the costs, quality, waste and adverse effects onthe environment are becoming a problem. On the other hand, agriculture is a producer of a largevolume of biomass which is generally not used as a source of income for farms. The creation ofnew jobs as well as the generation of additional income is one of the priorities of sustainableregional development. The utilisation of local sources of energy in order to satisfy local energyrequirements makes the local market stronger and additional income supports the localcommunity.2National Policy Supporting BioenergyThe problem of the renewable energy sources (RES), in that bioenergy, covers the issues that aretraditionally within the scope of responsibilities of several ministries; thus the works on thedocuments referring to various aspects of RES utilisation were initiated in different institutions.The policy-making documents are of strategic nature and deal with specific areas of the country’sdevelopment. When talking of the important documents which touch upon RES development, thefollowing should be mentioned:‘National Development Plan’1, ‘Initiative, Development,Labour’2, ‘Development Plan of the Polish Rural areas 2004-2006’3,‘NationalEnvironmental Policy for the period 2003-2006 with the 2007-2010 perspective’4.One of the key strategic documents is the‘National Development Plan 2004-2006’1which setsthe strategic objective of creation of competitive economy based on knowledge and initiative,assuring long-term, sustainable development, employment-rate increase and ability to catch upwith the EU economic and social standards both on regional and governmental level. Thefollowing objectives considered of prior importance in the document can contribute to the RESdevelopment: high level of environmental protection, increase of share of high value addedsectors (e.g. biomass), support for all regions and social groups to participate in the developmentand modernisation processes. Structural transformations in agriculture and fisheries constitute oneof the social and economic development axes of NDP. Financial resources to support theachievement of the objectives set in the document will be provided by the EU (structural fundsand coherence funds) as well as by the national institutions (central budget, local governments’budget and targeted funds).The Sectoral Operational Programme (SOP)The Restructuring and Modernisation of the FoodSector and Rural Developmentconstitutes one of the elements of the social and economicdevelopment strategy defined in the National Development Plan.The following objectives have been defined in the SOP strategy:1) enhancing the competitiveness of agriculture and the food economy,2) sustainable development of rural areas.The above will be implemented within the three priorities of the programme:I. Supporting change and adjustment in agriculture.II. Sustainable development of rural areas.III. Development and adjustment to EU norms regarding to the processing of agriculturalproduction.The SOP covers the years 2004-2006 and its implementation will be based on EU funds togetherwith domestic funds (state budget, local government and support beneficiaries’ own funds).The Polish policy regarding renewable energy is guided by the accession to the EU and theadherence to the Kyoto Protocol. The end of 90-s is the period of increased political engagement12The Council of the Ministers. 2003‘National Development Plan for the years 2004-2006’,The Council of the Ministers. 2002.‘Initiative, Development, Labour. Economy Strategy of the Coalition SLD-PSL’3Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Development 2002.‘Rural Areas Development Plan for Poland for the years2004-2006’4The Council of Ministers. 2002.‘National Environmental Policy for the period 2003-2006 with the 2007-2010perspective’3in creating conditions for renewable energy development. In 2000, the Council of Ministersadopted the document ‘Development Strategy of Renewable Energy Sources‘, then it wasendorsed by the Parliament in 2001. It is the first policy document relating to the whole renewableenergy sector, pointing the basic goals and conditions for its development to 2020. It waselaborated in response to the EU White Paper ‘Energy for the future: Renewable Energy Sources’.The ‘Strategy’ calls for 7,5% contribution of renewable energy to the primarily energy of thebalance in 2010 and 14% in 2020, as development targets for renewable. Such increase ofrenewable in the energy balance would require production of 340 PJ of ‘green energy’ in 2010,i.e. growth by 235 PJ compared with 1999, assuming the energy needs of Poland in 2010 at 4570PJ. Such targets oblige the government to take actions to actively support renewable in Poland.The amounts are ambitious: in comparison toca.2,5%share in 1999, it means triple increase inutilisation of energy produced from renewable sources during the coming ten years.The document‘Environmental Policy for the period 2003-2006, with the 2007-2010 long-termperspective’,an up-dated version of the Second Environmental Policy, gives much attention tothe RES use, in that bioenergy as well.The process of Poland’s accession to the EU and the transposition of the Polish legal systemresulted in gradual adoption of the EU regulations in the field of the RES development to thePolish conditions, what has also significant impact on bioenergy sector. For exampleDirective2001/80/EC on the limitation of emissions of certain pollutants into the air from large combustionplantsis a strong driving force for development of co-firing biomass with coal at large scale inthe country.Biomass potentialPoland posses large potential for the most kind of various bio-energy resources, but in the shortperiod the most important are :•••••wood from forests, tree cuttings, orchard waste and short rotation coppice;straw and other by-products and/or wastes from agricultural production;liquid/solid manure used for methane fermentation;oil seeds processed into esters used as bio diesel;potatoes, cereals and other crops or wastes processed into ethanol..Estimates of the present use of bioenergy are uncertain, because there is lacking statistics on thatsubject. Technical potential for biomass resources has been calculated at the level of over755 PJbut Poland's geographical location as well as its diversified water and climate conditions maycontribute to the growth of the potential of biomass allocated for energy purposes. Largestresources relates to the agricultural residues - basic cereals straw and hayc.12mln t/year (195 PJ)(Grzybek et al, 2001), forestry residues 6-7 mln m3and forestry fuel wood 2,5 mln m3(41,6 PJ).Wood industry by-products, which equals ca. 8,3 mln m3(58,1 PJ) are also potential resource forenergy production. Diversification of regional economic development causes possibility forfinding, relatively rich logging-residue and agricultural areas in Poland, where it might besupplied to the district heating systems.4Table 1.Theoretical and technical energy potential of straw in Poland (Grzybek et al, 2001).TypeTotal quantity(mln tons)Cereals strawRape strawHay21,52,418,1TOGETHERUtilisationfactor(%)507010Quantityavailable forenergy purposes(mln ton)8,91,41,511,8 mln tTechnical potential(PJ)1472325195The use of straw for energy was estimated on 40 ktons in 2001, or about 0.5 PJ. In 2002 therewere about 65 small and medium scale (0,5 – 7 MWt) straw fired district heating plants, the firstof which were implemented as demonstration projects in 1995. In addition there were perhaps 150straw fired boilers in agricultural dwellings. It was estimated in Polish conditions that for every 1MWt straw-fired district heating, it is needed employment of 3÷4 people (Grzybek A. et all.,2001). Some results shows the costs of straw-fired small-scale district heating as the cheapestamong the other sources of fuels, although the investment cost are relatively higher than natural-gas or fuel-oil.Utilisation of biogas in terms of digestion of liquid manure, sewage sludge and landfill gasproduction plays less important role than solid biofuels. Energy crops will play more importantrole in mid and long term perspective. Currently there has been several pilot and research shortrotation coppice (SRC) plantations. Poland has not implemented internal governmental supportsystem for energy crops, therefore further development is expected to be achieved by CAPregulations provided by the EU.There are 2,3 Mha of unused land and about 645 thou. ha of contaminated agricultural land whichmay be withdrawn from agricultural use (GUS 2002). Using this area for short rotation coppicewould result inc.424PJ. Thus, the near term potential is much more greater than the presentbioenergy use.Otherenergycrops56%Straw, hay26%Biogas5%Forestresidues &woodwaste13%Figure 1 Estimation of technical biomass potential in Poland, PJ (EC BREC/IBMER 2003)5
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